hydrodynamic one is that the Navier-Stokes (NS) equations are replaced by a discrete
Boltzmann equation. But physically, this replacement has a significant gain: a DBM is
roughly equivalent to a hydrodynamic model supplemented by a coarsegrained model of the
thermodynamic non-equilibrium (TNE) effects, where the hydrodynamic model can be and
can also be beyond the NS. Via the DBM, it is convenient to perform simulations on systems …