Faster-than-Nyquist (FTN) signaling is a promising non-orthogonal physical layer transmission technique to improve the spectral efficiency of future communication systems but at the expense of intersymbol-interference (ISI). In this paper, we investigate the detection problem of FTN signaling and formulate the sequence estimation problem of any M-ary phase shift keying (PSK) FTN signaling as an optimization problem that turns out to be non-convex and nondeterministic polynomial time (NP)-hard to solve. We propose a novel algorithm, based on concepts from semidefinite relaxation (SDR) and Gaussian randomization, to detect any M-ary PSK FTN signaling in polynomial time complexity regardless of the constellation size M or the ISI length. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm strikes a balance between the achieved performance and the computational complexity. Additionally, results show the merits of the proposed algorithm in improving the spectral efficiency when compared to Nyquist signaling and the state-of-the-art schemes from the literature. In particular, when compared to Nyquist signaling at the same error rate and signal-to-noise ratio, our scheme provides around 17% increase in the spectral efficiency at a roll-off factor of 0.3.