proposed by Kevin Ashton in 1999 through its public emergence in 2005 in a United Nations
ITU report entitled “The Internet of Things”, to the present day where IoT devices are
available as off-the-shelf products from major manufacturers. Using a systematic study of
public literature, the paper presents a five-phase categorisation of the development of the
Internet-of-Things from its beginnings to the present day. Four mini case studies are …