The energy consumption of DRAM is a critical concern in modern computing systems.
Improvements in manufacturing process technology have allowed DRAM vendors to lower
the DRAM supply voltage conservatively, which reduces some of the DRAM energy
consumption. We would like to reduce the DRAM supply voltage more aggressively, to
further reduce energy. Aggressive supply voltage reduction requires a thorough
understanding of the effect voltage scaling has on DRAM access latency and DRAM …

In a wide range of modern computing systems, spanning from warehouse-scale data centers
to mobile platforms, energy consumption is a first-order concern [26, 32, 35, 45, 55, 87, 94,
100, 137]. In these systems, the energy consumed by the DRAM-based main memory
system constitutes a significant fraction of the total energy. For example, experimental
studies of production systems have shown that DRAM consumes 40% of the total energy in
servers [45, 133] and 40% of the total power in graphics cards [107]. The energy consumed …