functions using n voltage differencing gain amplifiers (VDGAs) is presented. In this
realization minimum number of equal-valued grounded capacitors and n active elements
are used. Due to the adjustability of the transconductance of the VDGA with current, different
gains can be realized using the same building block and a simple filter structure can be
created. The filter which is composed of VDGA building blocks is suitable for integration and …