… with a ground station in case installing a direct line-of-sight (LOS) … the designers to have an
optimum transmit–receive station … near earth satellite and pass them to a ground station via a …

… the ground station is 100 110 dB and the channel bit error rate … key distribution and quantum
secure direct communication. … satellite-to-ground communication link: (1) designing a near-…

… [18] and satellite-to-earth communications [19] provides a … The direct collimation of the
optical signal into the fiber core also … Jaouen, “Space-ground coherent optical links: Ground …

… altitude from 17 to 25 km above the earth’s surface [4]. Thanks to … The received signal at the
ground station can be expressed … -to-ground downlink coherent optical communications with …

… Abstract— Optical communication technologies offer … (extending over 1.2 million Nilometres
in service around the world). … The optical ground station networN aims at operating as a …

… near-earth orbit, ranging about 200-1200km above the ground; … a powerful direct detection
laser communication system for … widely used in optical fiber communication on the ground, it is …

… large-sized medium earth orbit (MEO) and geosynchronous … this data to its nearest ground
station. Once the data is at the … , where user devices do not support direct communications, …

… geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites for direct broadcast … as observed from the ground)
to very low earth orbit (VLEO). … to a fixed earth station on the surface of the earth: (i) there will …

… -driven, and satellite-air-ground integrated MCN, which is smart … around the world, less than
25 000 of which are high-end … by the terminal includes scattering and direct components. In …

… to start operations to support both Earth observation and communications systems. Nordic …
partitioned ground and space segments into a fully integrated system. Optical communications …