… approach to cover wireless communication technologies, and … we can consider Direct
Air-to-ground Communication (DA2GC… Low Earth Orbit (LEO) constellations promote cost-efficient …

… Optical wireless communication (OWC) is such a system that … for different RF and optical
communications is presented in Fig. 3… rate control approach in [59] solves the cross-layer design …

… , fiber and cable in conduit) records a useful metric of ground … We hypothesize that this seems
to be the average of the direct … the bus station (around channel 1270) along the fiber path, …

… area of the world, using a combination of ground-based and … efficiency of direct air-to-ground
communications between … in optical fiber communication. Their application to wireless …

… Macrocellular base station does not provide high data rate … to optical fiber communication
(OFC) due to capability of large … spectrum (FHSS) and direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS…

… and narrowband communications, Earth observation, synthetic … can be used for a LEO-PNT
design (eg, optimisation steps, … for a ground station were identified as signal availability level, …

… in terms of real-world implementation. What is clear, however, … and a longer acquisition period
than direct RF pulse sounders. … that will also appear in terrestrial or ground-to-space links, …

… by designing the specific phase hologram. Then, the generated bendable light could bypass
existed obstructions as designed … which made the communication system more robust. In …

… high-capacity demands for any users anywhere in the world.4… UAV deploying as aerial base
station to provide Internet of … Moreover, direct search for solution may face many difficulties…

… devices do not support direct communications, and each user … data to the base station (BS)
or the Earth gateway station (EGS)… deployed to serve the uplink ground users. Each small cell …