… of sharding techniques in blockchain. We identify the key components in sharding schemes
… As a systematization of knowledge on blockchain sharding, we also analyze and compare …

… Transaction sharding is to allocate transactions into different chains in advance, to prevent
… Transaction sharding relies on an implicit assumption that each transaction will be only …

… Many blockchain sharding protocols have been proposed in the literature. This … on sharding
in public blockchains, where scalability poses a greater challenge than in private blockchains…

… [67] provided a survey on existing blockchain scalability solutions. These include sharding
approaches such as OmniLedger [78], layer-2 blockchain protocols [66] or other direct …

… blockchains as permissioned blockchains lack the non-custodial property, but layer-two
concepts apply equally to permissioned blockchains. … of the underlying blockchain. Bitcoin-like …

… While by design, blockchains provide … cryptocurrency exchanges, scalability efforts via
sharding, extension of existing systems through sidechains, and bootstrapping of new blockchains…

… An intra-chain scenario can be, for instance, a sharding blockchain, and each chain can be
… independent shard. While an inter-chain scenario can consist of different blockchain systems…

… Sharding permissionless blockchains with byzantine adversaries is challenging and tackled
by only a few recent systems [4, 58, 67]. Individual committees can tolerate up to 33% of …

… the blockchain technology into IIoT platforms requires to address several critical challenges
that are inherent in IIoT and blockchain … from the integration of blockchain technology, and …

… in blockchain. To the best of our knowledge, there is no Systematization of Knowledge (SoK) …
Storj [114] also uses POR to prove the existence of a fresh copy of a shard on the storer side…