… The political party has reached its lowest level of trust and reputation. In this article, I will deal
with the outcome of parties … and roles of political parties in advanced democratic societies. …

… -formal model explaining party unity in legislative … party unity in 11 western parliamentary
democracies since 1945. On the system level, central party control over nominations and intra-…

… approach to party system institutionalization, we conclude by analysing the impact of closure
on democracy. We … Major internal ruptures in democracy mark the beginning and the end of …

… political process and its workings. This chapter outlines the key actors in the Irish party system
… such as the Greens, and because of a greater commitment to internal party democracy, …

… In contrast, a second group of scholars focus on the internal structures, … party system. Whilst
there has been some progress in the consolidation and solidification of political parties at the …

… In the conclusion I discuss the implications of this research for our under… Democratic and
Republican parties, and American politics more broadly. I discuss how different kinds of political …

… , and this approach had an impact on party studies as well. … —of party systems and the most
prominent party system … , how party finances are regulated, or whether internal organization …

… and political changes such as … party system despite weak electoral attachments. In Chapter
Twelve, I examine the ways in which intra-party competition has reshaped the American party …

… as to why democracies backslide, we assert that these factors work in tandem with economic
factors to determine political outcomes. … Intra-party disagreements when they occurred were …

… with regards to promissory democratic representation (… populist parties who challenge
existing democratic structures … party's pledge performance, the better its electoral outcome is …