… unclear whether this reflects an influence of socioeconomic position (SEP) on testosterone,
… exposures, is used to investigate causal directionality. We examine associations with risk-…

… Causal structures of mediators considered: representing two potential causal structures of
socio economic position … and co-morbidities (MM), and the causal structure of all mediators (M) …

… of socioeconomic position and health was bi-directional. This … bi-directional relation between
socioeconomic position and … the causal processes occur between socioeconomic position …

… Our results based on a bidirectional two-sample MR-analysis design show that a genetic
predisposition to socioeconomic position including attained educational level, household …

… (SMD), the directionality of the associations between income … Our results support both social
causation and health … income, disadvantaged socioeconomic position and homelessness.4–…

… a socioeconomic gradient in health behaviors in the Netherlands, meaning that those with
incrementally lower socioeconomic position … understanding of the causal pathways outlined in …

… Fourthly, the cross-sectional data do not allow causal one-directional relationships and
mediation to be established, in the strict sense [85]. Casual relationships were assumed based …

… ’ causal effect where genetic expression operates directly on phenotype A (solid line); ‘Indirect’
causal effect … However, genetic correlations do not provide evidence for directionality in …

… In simpler terms, directionality mitigates causal associations and multicollinearity among
variables—a major limitation to even the most robust statistical models. Spigel and colleagues …

… First, we evaluated the directionality in longitudinal associations between education, …
Further, our results highlight the role of social causation from parental SES in determining …