… Although rare, spontaneous diaphragm rupture can occur in patients with hepatic cirrhosis,
causing acute tension hepatic hydrothorax. Spontaneous diaphragm rupture can occur due …

… of advanced liver disease, such as hepatic hydrothorax (HH), … cavity through defects in
the diaphragm as a result of the … , are diagnostic for spontaneous bacterial empyema (SBEM), …

… portal hypertension, and stigmata of end-stage liver disease. The … repair of diaphragmatic
defects in hepatic hydrothorax: a 10-year … Spontaneous bacterial empyema in liver cirrhosis: an …

… of portal hypertension secondary to underlying liver disease, … apposition of the liver to the
right hemi-diaphragm acts in a … frank respiratory failure in the context of tension hydrothorax (24)…

… pleural space through small diaphragmatic defects. The majority … with hepatic hydrothorax
may develop spontaneous bacterial … and latent unless additional stress factors are introduced, …

… , even in the absence of liver failure, and use bedside tools like … into the thorax through a
diaphragmatic defect from negative … The tube thoracostomy quickly restored spontaneous …

… [7,8] Such Heart failure may manifest during physical stress (… of hydrothorax is thought to be
due to diaphragmatic defects, … of patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. …

… acute tension hydrothorax accompanied by hypotension or … diaphragmatic defects has a
low recurrence rate but a high … in patients with acute or chronic inflammatory liver disease [11]. …

… Hepatic hydrothorax is characterized by the development of pleural effusion due to diaphragmatic
… protocols in patients with liver disease, reduce post-extubation stress [23] and assess …

… of the diaphragmatic tendon [61, 62]. Huang et al.[63] classified … and chronic liver disease
[84]. Metformin has shown to improve … by a reduction in inflammation and oxidative stress [85]. …