… children and adolescents is provided. Because of screen exposure and interaction with the
Internet on smartphones, … This is known to have negative effects on ocular surface health. Dry …

… the prospective association between time spent on smartphones and DES among Hong …
There is a direct link between smartphone use and smartphone dependence. (Borkotoky and …

… upon the smartphone use among adolescents is necessary … a high rate of exposure to the
ocular surface. This circumstance, … of a history of patients related to eye health 1 : Whether the …

… on eye health and development of clinical guidelines to minimize or prevent DED among
smartphone … This review included studies of exposures involving daily duration of SPU in hours. …

… The percentage of smartphone users – especially among … of problematic smartphone use
in children and adolescents [5]. … Children and adolescents are growing up exposed to modern …

… adolescent eye is not yet fully developed and near-vision electronic display stimulation can
result in extended exposure to … of smartphone use (21), and duration of computer use among …

… associations of mobile touch screen device (ie smartphone, tablet) use and patterns of use
with musculoskeletal symptoms and visual health among adolescents. … cumulative exposure …

… We assessed the associations among smartphone use, outdoor exposure, and refractive …
self-reported outdoor exposure. We hypothesized that increased smartphone use is associated …

… Given the serious nature of the ocular health risks associated … Our findings indicate that
children and adolescents are now … Associations between screen exposure in early life and …

… This study found that most healthy adolescents with good vision reported low scores on
symptoms of headache, eyestrain and musculoskeletal pain while using their digital device. Still, …