… To test Hypothesis 5, we use a dummy that takes into account whether a patent is related to
the life sciences. Footnote 10 Finally, our control variables include country and year dummies…

… Women engage in less commercial patenting and invention than do men, which … women;
we found a similar pattern for male-tagged patents and men. We measured inventor gender …

… focusing on the ‘women in science, technology, engineering … in women being disproportionately
left out of the commercial … the fact that the patenting gap in the life sciences in the US is …

… and commercial activities than male scientists because they … the assignment of gender based
on the inventor’s first name. … some sectors, such as the life sciences). Nevertheless, future …

… Center for Global Economy and Business. The views … , linked with patents and publications,
for 83,000 American scientists in … National Academy of Sciences 2006); we find that gender …

… Gender differences in observed scientific output are well-documented: women both publish
and patent less … to “minor players” in the history and commercial use of CRISPR-Cas9 7 . The …

… An emerging literature shows that female scientists, inventors, … are female focused, we
simply count the percent of patents … , our measure of patent gender comes from the patent’s text, …

… being not enough women in the fields of science, technology, … how the gender patenting gap
is in part due to patent law … non-commercial endeavours, they do not need the patent system …

… hear as we present on gender disparities in science. These … Other disciplines of the natural
sciences would still need, at … particularly conference proceedings and patenting— tend to be …

… This Article uses historical methodology to reframe persistent race and gender gaps in patent
… Eglin, for example, received only a small portion of her invention’s evident commercial …