Background: The liver is a well-known player in the metabolism and removal of drugs. Drug
metabolizing enzymes in the liver detoxify drugs and xenobiotics, ultimately leading to the
acquisition of homeostasis. However, liver toxicity and cell damage are not only related to
the nature and dosage of a particular drug but are also influenced by other factors such as
aging, immune status, environmental contaminants, microbial metabolites, gender, obesity,
and expression of individual genes Furthermore, factors such as drugs, alcohol, and …