… flows of trade and labour, the international monetary system, and warfare and empire. …
wages and GDP per head in Britain, 1700–1870 3.1 International comparison of output per person…

… in trade, as well as the key factors driving differences in trade costs. Part II lays out the theoretical
reasons for why trade can be mutually beneficial to trading … of gains from trade. Part IV …

… The Chinese emperor’s response to the 1793 British mission under Lord Macartney aimed
at opening greater trade with China: Our Celestial Empire possesses all things in prolific …

… trade tied Central Europe and Central Europeans to the wider world, despite their coming
from polities without overseas colonies and trading … and Atlantic empires, trading and brokering …

… an epilogue to my original version (Ottoman Wars 1700–1870) to finish the story. It has now
… The capitulations or treaties that were granted for trading privileges with the empire were …

The ideology of free trade is commonly associated with an idea of the peaceful … In the
nineteenth century, free trade was associated with a normatively charged, civilizational rhetoric of …

… power to open their markets to trade This “free trade imperialism” was imposed on Asian
empires and Latin American countries with a series of free trade treaties after the 1830s. Most …

… Empires rise and fall in violence. Nations too, arise from empires mired in violence and turn
… Just over 100 years ago, the 600-year-old Ottoman Empire collapsed. The victorious powers, …

… a vast empire: the Ottoman Empire. Possibly the peak of the size of this empire would probably
… -1566) where the population of the Ottoman Empire was estimated to be up to 30 million. …

From Napoleon Bonaparte’s invasion of Egypt in 1798 to the foreign interventions in the
ongoing civil wars in Syria, Yemen, and Libya today, global empires or the so-called Great …