Predation is a ubiquitous and strong selective pressure on living organisms. Transparency is
a predation defence widespread in water but rare on land. Some Lepidoptera display …

Lepidoptera—a group of insects in which wing transparency has arisen multiple times—
exhibits much variation in the size and position of transparent wing zones. However, little is …

Predation is an important selective pressure, and some prey have evolved conspicuous
warning signals that advertise unpalatability (ie, aposematism) as an antipredator defence …

In water, transparency seems an ideal concealment strategy, as testified by the variety of
transparent aquatic organisms. By contrast, transparency is nearly absent on land, with the …

Camouflage can be attained via mechanisms such as background matching (resembling the
general background) and disruptive coloration (hindering the detection of an animal's …

Defended prey often use distinctive, conspicuous, colours to advertise their unprofitability to
potential predators (aposematism). These warning signals are frequently made up of salient …

Müllerian mimicry is a positive interspecific interaction, whereby co-occurring defended prey
species share a common aposematic signal. In Lepidoptera, aposematic species typically …

Natural selection shapes the evolution of anti-predator defences, such as camouflage. It is
currently contentious whether crypsis and disruptive coloration are alternative mechanisms …

Background Predators preferentially attack vital body parts to avoid prey escape.
Consequently, prey adaptations that make predators attack less crucial body parts are …

Perception of the body's outline and three-dimensional shape arises from visual cues such
as shading, contour, perspective and texture. When a uniformly coloured prey animal is …