Spoken words and signs both consist of structured sub-lexical units. While phonemes unfold
in time in the case of the spoken signal, visual sub-lexical units such as location and …

A large body of literature has characterized unimodal monolingual and bilingual lexicons
and how neighborhood density affects lexical access; however there have been relatively …

We exploit the phenomenon of cross-modal, cross-language activation to examine the
dynamics of language processing. Previous within-language work showed that seeing a …

Bilinguals, both hearing and deaf, activate multiple languages simultaneously even in
contexts that require only one language. To date, the point in development at which bilingual …

In the last two decades, there has been an upsurge of research on the cognitive and neural
basis of bilingualism. The initial discovery that the bilingual's two languages are active …

The majority of adult learners of a signed language are hearing and have little to no
experience with a signed language. Thus, they must simultaneously learn a specific …

Processes involved in the lexical retrieval of signs in naturally-occurring manual languages
of the deaf are poorly understood. In the current experiments, we assess the time-course of …

This study investigates the temporal dynamics of sign production and how particular aspects
of the signed modality influence the early stages of lexical access. To that end, we explored …

This paper investigates whether the semantic and phonological levels in speech production
are specific to spoken languages or universal across modalities. We examined semantic …

What is the time course of cross-language activation in deaf sign–print bilinguals? Prior
studies demonstrating cross-language activation in deaf bilinguals used paradigms that …