Macrophages are effector cells of the innate immune system that phagocytose bacteria and
secrete both pro-inflammatory and antimicrobial mediators. In addition, macrophages play …

Macrophages, within the cytokine network, are a major source of many cytokines involved in
immune response, hematopoiesis, inflammation and many other homeostatic processes …

Cytokines affect nearly every biological process; these include embryonic development,
disease pathogenesis, non‐specific response to infection, specific response to antigen …

Cytokines represent a multi-diverse family of polypeptide regulators; they are of relatively
low molecular weight, pharmacologically active proteins that are secreted by one cell for the …

Innate and adaptive immune systems consist of cells and molecules that work together in
concert to fight against microbial infection and maintain homeostasis. Hosts encounter …

Hematopoiesis is hierarchically orchestrated by a very small population of hematopoietic
stem cells (HSCs) that reside in the bone-marrow niche and are tightly regulated to maintain …

Inflammation is an essential response provided by the immune systems that ensures the
survival during infection and tissue injury. Inflammatory responses are essential for the …

The evolution of macrophages has made them primordial for both development and
immunity. Their functions range from the shaping of body plans to the ingestion and …

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has become a global public health
emergency and has led to devastating results. Mounting evidence proposes that the disease …

Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a global outbreak and severely posed
threat to people's health and social stability. Mounting evidence suggests that …