Introduction Although the aetiology and pathophysiology of depression are multifactorial, to
date most studies have examined either biological or environmental mechanisms without …

Background: Depression is a major public health problem among youth, currently estimated
to affect as many as 9% of US children and adolescents. The recognition that both genes …

The development of depression may involve a complex interplay of environmental and
genetic risk factors. PubMed and PsycInfo databases were searched from inception through …

BackgroundChildhood early life stress (ELS) increases risk of adulthood major depressive
disorder (MDD) and is associated with altered brain structure and function. It is unclear …

Early life stress (ELS) induced by psychological trauma, child maltreatment, maternal
separation, and domestic violence predisposes to psycho-behavioral pathologies during …

Objective: Gene–environment (GxE) interactions may comprise an important part of the
aetiology of depression, and childhood maltreatment (CM), a significant stressor, has …

Early life stress (ELS) is one of the largest environmental risk factors for depression, yet the
mechanisms underlying this relationship are still being investigated. Much literature has …

Background: The characterization of adolescents at high risk for developing depression has
traditionally relied on the presence or absence of single risk factors. More recently, the use …

Objective. The interplay of genetic and early environmental factors is recognized as an
important factor in the aetiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). The aim of the present …

Objective Several studies conducted in high-income countries have found an association
between depressive symptoms and risky behaviors among adolescents. Evidence from low …