… are essential to generate an effective immune response to clear intracellular infections …
review intends to shed light on the molecular mechanisms of the cytokines and their functions and …

… either the pro-inflammatory cytokines or the activation of the immune cells upon alarm …
and immune complexes, which can exacerbate the coagulation process. All these mechanisms …

… cellular and molecular pathway is proposed for COVID-19. The … an initial immune response
featuring inflammatory cytokine … molecular mediators of the COVID-19 immune response. …

… In addition to the understanding of the immune response to COVID-19, the association of …
macrophages and high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in COVID-19 [105]) were related to …

… The most important goal of this review is to study the role of inflammatory cytokines in COVID-19.
… in the types of adaptive immunity, proinflammatory cytokines, and interleukins and anti-…

… viral entrance through canonical viral-receptor pathways, as recently shown for MERS-CoV
(90), thereby activating these cells and inducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines. …

… COVID-19 patients [4]. Aging is related to increased levels of systemic pro-inflammatory
cytokines … The number of immune cells also changed in COVID-19 infection [29, 30]. Indeed, in …

… of the humoral immune response (inflammatory cytokine and immunoglobulin … role of
antibodies in protective immunity and immune pathogenesis of viral diseases, we focus this review …

… COVID-19-CS, we need to look deeply inside its pathogenesis, which is the purpose of this
review. … have consistently elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines, which may result in …

… narrative review is to describe the state-of-the-art knowledge on the immune system response
in COVID-19 and to underline the main therapeutic strategies and the key role of vaccines. …