Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) applications have grown in exorbitant numbers,
generating a large amount of data required for intelligent data processing. However, the
varying IoT infrastructures (ie, cloud, edge, fog) and the limitations of the IoT application
layer protocols in transmitting/receiving messages become the barriers in creating intelligent
IoT applications. These barriers prevent current intelligent IoT applications to adaptively
learn from other IoT applications. In this paper, we critically review how IoT-generated data …