casting process, with a focus on the filling, cooling, and solidification steps. The research
combines numerical simulations and experimental validation in a three-dimensional (3D)
configuration, utilizing a realistic filling system. The study employs three approaches—
experimental tests, Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) simulations, and ProCAST
simulations—to analyze the filling, cooling, and solidification steps. Two different molds were …