Injection of chemicals and thermal fluids in discovered petroleum reservoirs are becoming more commonplace to achieve improved recovery and sustainability of oil/gas resources. A lack of understanding on the induced damage in subsurface reservoirs is likely to bring downside risks associated with the projects of enhanced oil recovery and negative economic consequences. As a synthesis and extension of our recent work (Yuan and Wood, 2018), this paper aims to raise more awareness and promote more discussion on the mechanically, chemically, biologically and thermally induced damage issues associated with enhanced oil recovery processes, by integrating the state-of-the-art modelling, laboratory experiments and field applications. Potential formation damage issues are considered in the context of each specific enhanced oil and gas recovery project to answer why, where and when formation damage issues occur, their extents and impacts, and how to control, prevent and take advantages of such issues in various reservoir systems. Moreover, an integrated risk & opportunity assessment and management framework is proposed to improve outcomes of diverse enhanced oil recovery projects in practice. By providing an integrated understanding of formation damage from multi-disciplinary perspectives, it is possible to better understand and manage petroleum extraction using enhanced oil recovery techniques.