Toxic heavy metals create several hazardous impacts on the environment and human lives.
Certain heavy metals like Hg, As, Pb, Cr, Cd, Zn, Co, Ni, and many others have been
discussed in this article. This review article discusses several water treatment technologies
like reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, electrochemical, and physio-
chemical processes. Fouling, scaling, and operating costs are the major problems of
conventional membrane technologies. Selectivity, single-stage operation, and efficacy make …