gravimetric geoid determination today. Its basic theory is the first-order approximation of
either Molodensky's method for quasi-geoid determination or the classical geoid modelling
by Helmert's second method of condensing the topography onto the geoid. Although the
basic approximate formulae do not meet today's demands for a 1-cm geoid, it is sometimes
assumed that the removal of the less precise long-wavelength terrestrial gravity anomaly …