In this article we introduce some important concepts about the relevance of the study and cataloging of Brazilian biodiversity, bringing a discussion of the importance of knowledge about it and its environmental, economic and social consequences. We also discuss some challenges experienced daily by researchers to build this knowledge, as well as its applicability to the environmental conservation. Some Brazilian ecosystems, among marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats, are addressed in this discussion. It is expected that this paper highlights some of the aspects of the huge brazilian biodiversity and encourage new students to become researcher sand explorers toward the knowledge of the planet’s biological heritage.