Enzymatic biofuel cells (BFCs) have attracted considerable recent interest owing to their ability to provide sustainable energy from renewable fuel sources under mild conditions.[1] The ability to engineer these devices to process various “renewable” biochemical species holds considerable promise for the utilization of BFCs as implantable power sources for biomedical devices.[1, 2] As well as major research efforts that are focused on extended operational stability, improved power efficiency, and device miniaturization,[1–3] recent activity has been devoted to the development of BFC-based logic biosensors with potential applications in the self-powered, biocomputing diagnostics domain.[4] In line with the principles of Boolean logic, such self-regulating, self-powered, implantable devices could be able to extract and process analytes that reside in complex media.[5]

Herein, we describe a self-powered, logic-controlled, integrated “sense-act-treat” system that is based on a BFC. Controlled drug-release technologies leverage the ability to deliver on-demand targeted therapies and thus have advantages over conventional methods, which include more rapid intervention capabilities and more effective doses.[6] The BFC-based system that has been developed in this study offers simultaneous, intelligent biocomputing diagnostic operations and controlled drug-release functionality without the need for external power sources. The use of a biocomputing-based detection method to trigger the release of a drug through the logic-based control of the BFC s power output has not been reported to date. In stark contrast to conven-