pathophysiological features required for the bioengineering of a heart attack in a Petri dish.
The article presents a thorough comparison of current in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models. It
also explores the potential use of latest technologies for advanced cardiac models, such as
3D bioprinting, microfluidic devices and patient-derived stem cell, with the potential to
develop personalized novel therapies for heart attack patients.