Distinguishes between primary assessments, which measure the direct effects of expectancies associated with the placebo, and secondary assessments, which measure S's inferences about underlying dispositions that are not believed to be directly affected by the placebo (inductive effects). Placebos whose alleged impact will counteract the recipient's symptoms (counteractive expectancies) are distinguished from placebos whose alleged effects will parallel the recipient's symptoms (parallel expectancies). Research findings are reviewed and classified into 1 of 4 cells produced by a combination of these 2 factors. Standard placebo effects (changes in the recipient's condition in accordance with the placebo's alleged impact) were found to be most common on primary assessments of counteractive expectancies placebos; reverse inductive effects (altered inferences about an underlying disposition, in the direction opposite to the placebo's alleged impact) were most common on secondary assessments of parallel expectancies placebos. Psychological processes that underlie these effects and implications for clinical practice are considered.(94 ref)(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)