Environmental impacts by both natural events and man-made interventions are a fact of life;
and developing the capacity to minimise these impacts and their harmful consequences for
biological resources, ecosystems and human health is a daunting task for environmental
legislators and regulators. A major challenge in impact and risk assessment, as part of
integrated environmental management (IEM), is to link harmful effects of pollution (including
toxic chemicals) in individual sentinel animals to their ecological consequences. This …