Disastrous fire event in the confined tunnel is a fatal hazard, threatening the lives of trapped
people and firefighters. Considering the rapid development of fire and the complex
environment of tunnels, an accurate and timely fire identification system is in urgent need for
guiding the evacuation, rescue, and firefighting actions. This study proposes an intelligent
system and digital twin composed of four main components to collect, manage, process and
visualize the tunnel fire information. As demonstrated in a laboratory-scale tunnel model, the …