… This study proposes an intelligent system and digital twin composed of four main … Smart
Firefighting Digital Twin for tunnel fire is proposed and demonstrated on a small-scale tunnel…

… applied to assist firefighting without a mature system for data … a key element of intelligent
building and smart firefighting [21]… Therefore, the data structure refers to our previous tunnel fire …

… artificial intelligence and smart firefighting in tunnel fire safety. … Video cameras installed at
the road tunnel inlet and outlet are … can form the foundation for other small-scale experiments …

… digital twin over other building systems. Finally, we propose a small-scale demonstration of
a smart firefighting system that can monitor and render the tunnel fire scene and forecast the …

… forecasting the rapid-changing fire scenarios inside a tunnel in smart firefighting practices. …
data from smoke sensors and video images shot from cameras in the tunnel to provide a more …

… in the development of the smart tunnel-fire protection system. … -scale tunnel fire tests not
only help validate small-scale tests … sensor data, image, and video footprints. Those data can …

… The framework of applying SFT in future tunnel fire safety design and smart firefighting is …
with a demonstration of ASFT and RSFT in a tunnel fire. Some main contributions are below. …

… Driven by the need for tunnel fire safety in China, many new … in a real tunnel fire environment
without video footage. … in a diagram such as intelligent tunnel monitoring systems, VR/AR …

… tunnel makes fire safety a critical issue. This paper proposed a digital twin framework for
tunnel fire safety … In this section, numerical experiments and two full-scale demonstrations are …

… The system is demonstrated in real road tunnels with traffic video cameras and exhibits a …
-based real-time tunnel fire risk evaluation enables intelligent daily fire safety management and …