Implementation of mass rapid transit systems can be quite expensive in mid-sized cities.
Technology can help make existing surface rail vehicle-based transit systems interoperable,
limiting the investments required for infrastructure. Tram-Train (TT) may be a viable solution
because it can integrate the features of railway and tramway systems using specifically
tailored light railway vehicles. Although TT is a well-known system, the related literature is
still poor and mainly focuses on the qualitative description of general features, technical and …