… Simultaneous translation–rotation motion was shown to … One approach is to use synthetic
specimens that replicate … of freedom, permitting 3D rotations without translation (Figure 7). The …

… motion-protective spinal column. Our vertebrate spinal column allows us to protect ourselves
by allowing … Coupling: the phenomenon of consistent association of rotation or translation …

… of an efficient and reliable artificial disc a complex challenge. Not … that act as stops for
compression, translation and bending. The … allowing motion. Two spiked plates are screwed to the …

… , articulating structures between the vertebral bodies. This permits movement in the otherwise …
If the vertebra was rotating about a fixed point no translation could occur. In engineering, a …

… reliable artificial disc is expected to reproduce the motion as … rotation, there is an obligatory
amount of sagittal translation … as to control movement while allowing motion, being marketed …

… Discectomy, a frequently performed surgical procedure, produces various changes in
biomechanics of the motion segment. Translational as well as rotational instabilities are less with …

… rotational movement about an instantaneous axis of rotation and translational movement in
… , likewise, would permit both rotational movement and 360 tilting movement. Additionally, as …

… facet joints to permit the additional increases in translation … a keeled artificial disc implantation
with distinction between … translatory and rotational motion as compared to the intact level. …

… [141]: hydroxyapatite-covered plates with a synthetic … [191]: vertebral body replacement
allowing motion. Two spiked plates … 2000) Artificial intervertebral joint permitting translational and …

… on spinal kinematics in healthy spines, pathological models (ie, artificially simulated … of
the cervical vertebral body and disk, is typically performed, allowing the spinal cord and …