Health effects associated with ambient fine particle (PM2. 5) exposure are typically
estimated based on concentration–response (C–R) functions using area-wide concentration
as an exposure surrogate. Persons 65 and older are particularly susceptible to adverse
effects from PM2. 5 exposure. Using a stochastic microenvironmental simulation model,
distributions of daily PM2. 5 exposures were estimated based on ambient concentration, air
exchange rate, penetration factor, deposition rate, indoor emission sources, census data …

Ambient concentrations of PM2. 5 are associated with adverse health effects, such as
respiratory or cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. 1 Ambient PM2. 5 concentrations are
typically used in epidemiological studies as a surrogate for personal ambient exposure
levels. However, actual exposure depends on the amount of time an individual spends in
different microenvironments, which are locations for which PM2. 5 concentrations can be
characterized. Microenvironments include outdoors, inside a residence, in a car, and others …