This study aims to investigate the challenges faced by solo-female travelers in Iranian
societies and proposes measures to improve their experiences. To achieve this objective, a
mixed-methods research design was employed in three phases. First, two-phased
exploratory surveys were conducted to identify seven key constraints that affect the
behavioral intentions of solo-female tourists, namely sociocultural, interpersonal,
intrapersonal, religious, physical safety, practical, and structural factors. Furthermore, cross …