Disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) in urban areas is a big issue nowadays in most countries. The mismanagement of MSW can cause adverse environmental impacts, public health risks, and other socio-economic problems. India, the second most populated country globally, faces the problem of waste management and simultaneously grave energy crisis. The pressing need for the development of alternatives gave several different technological solutions. This chapter examines the most recent technical approaches, namely biological and thermo-chemical strategies, used to treat MSW while also capturing energy and other value-added products. These strategies assist in building a waste biorefinery, which is an integrative closed loop approach that has recently gained high interest world-wide. Besides, life cycle assessment will highlight which aspects need improvement in order to make these processes more environmentally friendly.