images. The vertebra was modelled by taking into account the separation of the trabecular
core and the cortical external layer with realistic regional thickness. It was meshed with
tetrahedral elements of 0.5 mm characteristic length. The mesh was refined, and a
convergence test was done. The model integrates an elasto-plastic material law (Johnson–
Cook) with bone failure represented by the element removal (cf. Table 1). Bone was …