Objective The purpose of this investigation was to establish microstructure, microhardness,
fracture toughness, chemical composition, and crack repair of bovine enamel and to
compare these features with their human counterparts. Design Bovine enamel fragments
were prepared and optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to establish
microstructure; Raman spectroscopy was used to estimate composition and
microindentation using Vickers testing was performed to evaluate hardness. Results A …