This study aimed to examine the epidemiological approach in Brazilian child health programs, towards the reflection on current guidelines from the perspective of program vulnerability and human rights. A descriptive study was carried out, based on the analysis of official documents elaborated by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The expansion and reorganization of family health practices and integrated care for prevailing childhood diseases are aimed at promoting health and quality of life to children and families. Health professionals, imbued with observation and intervention, can be considered agents to respect, protect and implement human rights.