energy balance, ketosis or hypocalcemia, retained placenta or mastitis problems. During the
transition stage, movement of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) increases into blood which
declines the hepatic metabolism or reproduction and consequently, lactation performance of
dairy cows deteriorates. Most of studies documented that, choline is an essential nutrient
which plays a key role to decrease fatty liver, NEFA proportion, improve synthesis of …