ethylene (ET), brassinosteroids, and gibberellins are known to provide plant resistance
against both biotic and abiotic stresses and mediate their action through mitogen-activated
protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. In addition to their role in plant growth and development,
JAs and SAs participate in systemic acquired response and wounding and provide plant
resistance toward external damages caused by herbivores, insects, pathogens, mechanical …