The design and performance of double-layered structural insulated panels (DL-SIPs) are investigated in this study with a focus on how they resist the windborne debris hazard. Such composite panels are commonly used in building envelopes to provide insulation and energy-saving advantages. However, if not designed properly, they can be at the risk of failure due to windborne debris impact, especially in high wind regions. This critical aspect motivated the current study to establish an experimentally-supported computational platform to assess the DL-SIPs, in terms of their key response measures, such as energy absorption, maximum displacement, and projectile penetration. A global sensitivity analysis is then conducted to systematically evaluate the effects of various design variables considered for metal sheets and foam cores on the impact response characteristics of the DL-SIPs. This study is further extended to perform a multi-objective design optimization for the DL-SIPs using two surrogate models (i.e., radial basis function network and kriging model). From the optimization results, the trade-offs between the design details and the impact resistance measures are determined. This leads to a set of configurations recommended for the DL-SIPs to properly resist windborne debris impact, while avoiding an overdesign.