The momentum exchange between the phases plays a vital role in modelling of gas–solid
flows and it is mathematically described by drag models. However, no consensus exists on
which drag model gives the most accurate prediction of the drag force, and, despite the
increase in available computing power, the same drag models are used in two-dimensional
and three-dimensional simulations. In this study, direct numerical simulations of gas flow
through multiple random configurations of static monodisperse particles are performed. The …