account distributive leakages, ie how much of the transfers officially intended to support farm
income are finally realised in the upstream and downstream industries. Gardner's [Am. J.
Agric. Econ. 65 (1983) 225] well-known measure of average transfer efficiency (ATE) is
augmented for the case of more than two social groups and computer-intensive simulation
procedures are utilised to deal with parameter uncertainty.
The paper evaluates the transfer efficiency of the Austrian bread grain policy taking into
account distributive leakage, ie how much of the transfers officially intended to support farm
income are finally realized in the upstream and downstream industries. Gardner's wellknown
measure of average transfer efficiency is augmented for the case of more than two social
groups and computer intensive simulation procedures are utilized to deal with parameter
uncertainty.