titanium oxide (TiO 2) heterojunction nanoparticle. DSSCs are purely based on both UV light-
active anatase TiO 2 photocatalyst and a visible-light-active dye. The main drawback of pure
anatase TiO 2 absorbance in the visible-light is inactive and the same is nullified while using
visible-light-active TiO 2 heterojunction nanoparticles. The photoinduced charge carrier
recombination is also high in single-phase TiO 2 photocatalysts. One of the solutions for this …