We perform particle-in-cell simulations of perpendicular nonrelativistic collisionless shocks
to study electron heating and pre-acceleration for parameters that permit the extrapolation to
the conditions at young supernova remnants. Our high-resolution large-scale numerical
experiments sample a representative portion of the shock surface and demonstrate that the
efficiency of electron injection is strongly modulated with the phase of the shock reformation.
For plasmas with low and moderate temperature (plasma beta ${\beta} _ {{\rm {p}}}= 5\cdot …

… The last sentence in the third paragraph of Section 3.4.5 should be corrected accordingly,
namely, the electron temperatures are higher by a factor 18–33 than those predicted by the
Rankine–Hugoniot jump conditions if only electrons are considered, indicating that
significant bulk heating has occurred (compare Matsumoto et al. 2012). This result does not
affect the other conclusions of our paper. … Comparison of the characteristics of the energy
distribution of electrons in the downstream region of all six simulated shocks. NTEF denotes …