contrasting students from a traditional teacher-directed learning and a student-centered
learning environment based on competency matrices. Using two-wave questionnaire data
from 1,153 (Mage= 13.97, SD= 1.37, 49% girls) 7th–10th grade German students, this study
conducts latent mean comparisons and multigroup cross-lagged panel analyses. Latent
mean comparisons did not indicate significant differences between both learning …