Declining populations of large carnivores worldwide, and the complexities of managing
human-carnivore conflicts, require accurate population estimates of large carnivores to
promote their long-term persistence through well-informed management We used N-mixture
models to estimate lion (Panthera leo) abundance from call-in and track surveys in
southeastern Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Because of potential habituation to
broadcasted calls and social behavior, we developed a hierarchical observation process …