Metabolites derived from bitter fennel serve as flavoring and healing agents in the
pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic sectors. Previously, we developed three fennel breeding
populations (Early, Medium, and Late Maturity Synthetic Cultivars) with the potential to
produce higher seed yield. This investigation aimed to assess the quality and quantity of the
important metabolites in these three cultivars alongside their elite parental populations. Our
results showed that the highest amounts of essential oil yield and seed yield were produced …